Optimization with 2K factorial design in green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Porophyllum ruderale extract

Abstract

In recent years, metal nanoparticles (MNPs) have garnered interest in scientific development due to their novel properties, among which are optical, electrical, and magnetic properties, along with absorption capacity and high surface. There are currently several synthesis methods for MNPs, but many are costly and generate toxic agents as byproducts into the environment. Therefore, in this work, a green, ecological, and affordable synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was carried out using Porophyllum Ruderale (P. Ruderale). The AgNPs obtained were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to observe the functional groups that intervene in the synthesis. UV-Vis spectroscopy was used to study the surface plasmon band, confirming the peak absorbance wavelength at 385 nm. The morphological analysis by scanning electron morphology (SEM) showed AgNPs measuring 70–500 nm and spherical shapes. The synthesis process was optimized using two factors: temperature, reducing agent and precursor agent ratio (extract:RA) (AgNO₃–PA), and an output variable, which is the particle size evaluated by SEM. The optimal temperature for AgNP formation was found to be 90 ºC; it was a key parameter to form AgNPs. The work proved AgNPs can be obtained and potentially used as biosensors, antimicrobial agents, and herbicides, among others.